Dienstag, 28. Dezember 2010

12. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel V Killing Cities



Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 11 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)

V
Killing the Cities -
the Example of Jerusalem/Al Quds, Hebron/Al Khalil and Jaffa in Israel
Viktoria Waltz
1. Jerusalem within the Zionist Project

Conclusion from last part (IV1-4, see articles before in archive nov.dec. 2010)

Israel claimed the occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Region (beside Golan Heights and the Sinai) as a defence against Arab aggression, a question of survival - however after having revealed the facts it might be clear, that this occupation was nothing less but a further step in the Zionist fight for an Israel in wider borders, the Mandate borders at least. The strategies are so much similar to what happened from 1948 on in Israel and part of the Judaisingprocess. That was judaising through usurping as much as possible of landscape, agricultural land, villages, historical sides, water resources to establish Jewish presence and eliminate Palestinian existence as far as possible.
Changing the map, changing geographical landmarks, creating exclusive Jewish communication strings, roads and infrastructure networks, thus disconnecting the existing Palestinian society and its living areas from each other - was one part of that ongoing usurpation. Expropriation of Palestinian property was basic for that second criminal part of the usurpation of Palestine. A bunch of fantastic 'laws', faked reasons, always labelled 'security demands', was used fuelling the self made crucial circle: create a problem, ask for soldiers to protect 'our' people, and if protest against occur it gives reason for more pressure, family punishment, finally expropriation and so forth.
Less than 20 percent of a former Palestinian unity was left – and this not even under real Palestinian control. Instead we find a handicapped and scattered mosaic of pieces of a cake that Israel is eventually going on to swallow. Nothing happened plan less, each step had a purpose, and each measure had an aim. Architects were planners implementing Zionist programs for achieving eventually the complete judaising of Palestine ‘from the coast to the Jordan River’. The Zionist Movement, the World Zionist Organisation (WZO) is still a forcing power, developing outlines for further occupation, land and water grab.
Most shocking is the fact that the international community, having established a United Nation, a Geneva Convention and declared the principles of Human Rights as universal is watching, knowing and not interfering at all. The United Nations in 1947 decided against such principles to divide Palestine, and also promised to guarantee a Palestinian State. This responsibility still exists. And it will be still a challenge to prove creditability of those organisations, principles and decisions and should be taken seriously.
Given the UN decision is a fact to be accepted, given Israel is a reality based on this international agreement, given this is to be accepted by the powerless and defeated Palestinians, the question is still to rise why Israel is not forced to go back to the borders that UN once proposed. Why no international body can or will force Israel to leaving East Jerusalem, the occupied territories of the West Bank, all Gaza region and Syrian Golan?
Furthermore, Israel too has to fulfil its responsibility and proving what it claims to be: a democratic state that respects other nations and the civic rights of their own citizens. However, Israel is even hurrying up to grab more Palestinian land, to divide more what rests and to enter pure Palestinian living areas, creating a hell for the inhabitants. Intending to make Palestinians moving out and to judaising entire cities in the West Bank like Jaffa, Akka in Israel, or East Jerusalem and Hebron in the West Bank is still fact. Breaking Palestinian identity par force and fabricating instead an image of an 'ancient Israel' is going on, a political entity that in reality only played a small role during a small period in the area of ancient geographical Palestine. How this is going to happen in pure and historic Palestinian cities is a question of the next section.
V
Killing the Cities -
the Example of Jerusalem/Al Quds, Hebron/Al Khalil and Jaffa in Israel

Religion and ancient history gave according to Herzl an important impulse for colonising and judaising the land of Palestine. In this context the occupation of Jerusalem and Hebron had first priority after 1967. Hence, both cities, Jerusalem, the 'City of Salomon and David' and Hebron the 'City of Abraham', became delicate targets of planners and were suffering and undergoing a deep change in social, cultural and demographic sense.
While Jerusalem is against international law seen as the Israeli Capital and officially usurped into Israel via Knesset decisions, Hebron is conquered in another mode. Hebron had lost its Jewish community since revolts in the end of the 20ties. After occupation Israel started planting the colony Kiryat Arba beside Hebron (Arabic Al Khalil) and fundamentalist Zionist groups entered from there step by step into this Palestinian city by means of demography, history, culture and social life. The gradual usurpation progressed slowly until the division of the centre of Hebron by the ‘agreements’ after Oslo in 1993. Jaffa is another case in Israel itself, a victim of the first phase of Israeli governance over Palestine and the ongoing ethnic cleansing from 1948 until now. At 1948 a historic Palestinian community that existed since centuries was completely chased out and European Jews came in. Some of the Palestinian refugees, who were chased out, settled in parts of the new town, remaining in an unsecure situation until today. Hundreds of them are threatened to be thrown out again during the years of 2009/2010. In Israelis new interpretation of history Jaffa is called the 'Old City of Tel Aviv', which is absurd.
The following chapters will reveal the story of this judaizing process - again with methods of planning. The story of Jerusalem will be told in 2 steps, at first a general overview about the meaning and phases of the judaizing of Jerusalem in terms of planning and legal frames will be presented (Waltz), followed by an actual view and an approach for justice (Amro).
The story of Hebron follows with a description of the ongoing judaizing steps since the occupation. Jaffa's story will be told through the changing process since 1950 when it was declared part of Tel Aviv and tackle the actual battle.
V
Viktoria Waltz
1. Jerusalem within the Zionist Project
Results after one century of Zionist planning in Jerusalem: ‚judaizing
`through ‚hebronising’

Sharon’s ‘visit’ in October 2000 to the Haram al Sharif, the ‘Holy Place’ in the Old City of Jerusalem, was the trigger point for the outbreak of the second Intifada.
Sharon’s visit to Jerusalem’s holy place did not only symbolise the Israeli claim of the city, but also planned as a starting point for the ongoing central offensive to the city, regarding citizenship, economy, borders and land properties. This process culminated in the isolation of Jerusalem after Oslo, the construction of the wall at 2003 and the government decision in July 2004 to apply the absentee property land law from 1950 and the Mandate Plan RJ/5 to the Jerusalem case (see section III). Step after step, during the last ten years the Israeli government restricted Palestinian presence and life in the eastern, Palestinian City of Jerusalem with its historical centre, the Old City. It began after Oslo, when Jerusalem was excluded from the decisions and (in a unilateral procedure) segregated from the West-Bank and Gaza Region. From that time, only Palestinians who have a special permission from the Israeli Army are allowed to enter the city. From that time on, the historical passage from south to north of Palestine and the West Bank which ran through Jerusalem is blocked.
Judaizing Jerusalem began already in the first days after the occupation in 1967. More than 200.000 illegal settlers were meanwhile transferred into large housing estates forming a ring, ‘suffocating’ the Palestinian and Arab Jerusalem and the historical Old City. Moreover small satellites of Israeli colonies were implanted amidst the Palestinian residential areas, in Sheikh Jerah, the Kidron Valley, Abu Dees, Souwane, Silwan, Tur, Essawiyye or Ezzariye and particularly in the different Palestinian quarters of the Old City. This ongoing process is neglecting the historical shape and value of architecture, society and atmosphere. With the segregation wall rings around Jerusalem will become denser and more strangling Palestinian development.
Through a sophisticated strategy of setting facts by planning, also the historic map of the city has been turned upside down in terms of religion and ethnicity. The western Gate of the Old City for example, the Jaffa or Hebron Gate, has all means of convenience for the Jewish believers; an area equipped with close-by huge bus parking lots on the historic Mamilla ground, access for cars and taxis. Accordingly, on Friday evening and Sabbath, thousands of religious Jews enter smoothly through the Jaffa or Hebron Gate to the wailing wall from the western New City of Jerusalem. Subsequently, this area and the Citadel has become a complete Israeli Jewish terrain, along with the Jewish Quarter, which lies on the southern part of the Old City and is also hosting a huge traffic hub. In contrary to that the entrance to the ‘Via Dolorosa’ from Lion’s gate, which is of main interest for Christian believers, remain neglected, has difficult access, no parking space, however police control all over.....
(full text look at:

Dienstag, 21. Dezember 2010

10. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel IV.4: Mobility



Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 10 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)
Part 10

IV
Faisal Awadallah, Ahmad Atrash
4. Transportation and Mobility in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Conclusion from last part IV 3 (see part 9 and before under Archive Nov./Dec 2010):

It is obvious, that Israel’s last attack on Gaza is not the end. The ‘disengagement’ was an interim step and one has to realise, that the 'settlers' of Gaza were only transferred to the West Bank in order to fill in the Jerusalem illegal colonies.
Moreover, Gaza is not at all a 'liberated' area from occupation. Still parts of the region in north, west and south Gaza the ‘buffer zones’ are occupied and grabbed land. The Israeli military is entering the region from where and when ever wanting: by planes, helicopters, bulldozers, tanks and even with missiles from the sea side. The seldom rackets from the Palestinian side are always a reason for military attacks. Illegal killing of supposedly terrorists with civil 'casualties' is part of a still ongoing threat, pressure.
We have to conclude that the question of Gaza Region is not finished. Will it be part of a future 'Palestinian State'? Will the total usurpation of ‘Israel’s Hawaii’ only be postponed?
The following part will go into transportation and mobility in Gaza and the West Bank.

IV
Faisal Awadallah, Ahmad Atrash
4. Transportation and Mobility in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

The current Arab-Israeli conflict is more than a century old; namely since the start of the establishment of Jewish colonies in Palestine in the late 19th century. Some claim that the conflict goes back millenniums ago; however, historical evidence indicates no significant conflict between Arab or Muslims and Jews in Palestine ever occurred before the beginning of the 20th century.
UN resolutions, diplomatic missions, wars, and ethno-national violence were not able to figure-out this high profile conflict; albeit, it is a longstanding necessity where no one could disagree or argue on the importance to solve this conflict for the sake of Middle East and international peace and security. Walls of segregation have fallen throughout history; bridges, mobility, and coexistence are the key to harmony and peace. However, experiences from post-conflicts areas have proven that it is more problematic and challenging when dealing with the associated infrastructure of segregation artefacts, namely roads. This section will elaborate on this doctrine of de facto immobility and further investigate the existing mal-distribution of services, as well as spatial segregation along nationality. ...

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Mittwoch, 15. Dezember 2010

9. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel IV.3 Gaza - the 'Hawaii of Israel'?

Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 9 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)

IV
Further Devastation and Destruction - Judaizing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip after the Occupation 1967, an overview

3. Gaza - the ‘Hawaii of Israel’ – a Short Story

Conclusion from the part before (see all articles Archiv Nov/Dez 2010):
Since Oslo of September 1993 to Camp David summit of July 2000, Israel has added more than 17.000 new housing units to the body of the colonies; thus constituting a major blow to the peace process and revealing Israel’s intentions toward fulfilling its obligations to carry out any significant withdrawal from the illegal colonies in the occupied territories. Furthermore, Israel confiscated in the following 5 years of the “interim period” more than 36,000 dunam in and around Jerusalem city and even after the Why River Memorandum of 1998 which stressed that neither party takes any measures that might alter the final status negotiations; Israel went and advocated 27 illegal Israeli outposts in that period.
In the year 2007, the number of colonies in the West Bank reached 199 colonies hosting nearly 530000 Israeli settlers, of which 230,000 settlers lived in 14 colonies in the East Jerusalem area. These colonies concentrate on hilltops overlooking and surrounding Palestinian populated areas, areas that block the merging of Palestinian populated areas while facilitating the merging of colonies, areas that may be easily annexed to Israel in the future, or areas that secure economic resources, militarily advantage or negotiating leverage. Furthermore, Israel is using the Wall to usurp nearly 50% of the West Bank.
The systematic long term planning to judaise the West Bank represented in the establishment of colonies, bypass roads, closed military areas, nature reserves and security zones describe this anticipated situation that Israel is trying to impose on Palestinians a final status situation without negotiations or consideration of unalienable Palestinian rights. Consequently, by creating what they believe to be "irreversible facts on the ground" to dictate their own terms to any potential peace agreement with the Palestinians, Israel aims to put an end to any prospect of a viable Palestinian State over occupied territories of 1967.
The result of such plans is the grouping of Palestinian towns and villages into many separate cantons. Indeed, the Israeli intention is to make the contiguity of any Palestinian state in the future practically unattainable and eventually to reach control and even a new Israeli map over 100% of the once promised Palestine of Balfour Declaration.
IV
Jad Isaac, Viktoria Waltz
3. Gaza - the ‘Hawaii of Israel’ – a Short Story
Gaza - a nightmare for Israel rather than ‘Hawaii’? Controlling Gaza Region was never easy, over-crowding, poverty, frustration and a highly politicised population made it always difficult. Gaza created the core cell of the liberation movement, the PLO after 1948. From here Yassir Arafat started the armed liberation fight. However Gaza was more to Israel than a left over part of Mandate Palestine, hence a border area to the Sinai, the Suez Canal and an entrance to Africa. Napoleon's army once sacked the area, also looking for a promised land of historical meaning; they came the other way round, however his campaign was a big failure. Thousands of Palestinians were plundered and killed, but also his soldiers went back defeated. Israel tried the same. In the 90th the colonists had to leave Sinai, in the beginning of the 21st century Israel's army and colonists had to leave the Gaza colonies. But does that mean that Gaza is liberated and taken off from Israel's secret map?
3.1 Gaza Region under British Mandate until 1948
Gaza Region, before the establishment of the State of Israel was a low populated agricultural and fertile region. At the end of British Mandate there lived nearly 70.000 people, from them around 35.000 living in Gaza City and around 12.000 people in Khan Yunis, beside some 15 small villages, producing vegetables, fruits, especially famous kinds of dates. Strong economic relations existed to the other coastal commercial centres and to Sinai, hence Egypt. At the end of the war 1947- 49 Gaza Region’s tranquil life changed dramatically. Since then the ‘Gaza Strip’ became the synonym of the biggest refugee camp on earth. In the ethnic cleansing program of Ben Gurions military consultancy the Negev and the south coast was not excluded. In the last phase of the butchering end of 1948 Umm Rashrash, now Eilat, Gaza ad Rafah were bombed, thousands of Bedouins from the Negev were expelled to Gaza Region as well as the total population of Isdud (today Ashdod) and Majdal (today Ashkelon) by force (Pappe 2006: 193pp). At the end of 1948 the population of the Gaza Region had doubled. Until the 'Sinai War' in 1956, Gaza Region suffered several Israeli military attacks, people were killed, during the war new refugees came up. In 1956 the population figure increased to 400.000. ....
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Mittwoch, 8. Dezember 2010

8. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel IV.2 After Oslo



Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 8 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)

Part 8
Jad Isaac
IV
2. After Oslo: The Judaizing of the West Bank - Preparing the
Geographic Holocaust on the Palestinian Land Since 1993
From last part IV 1 (look at Blog Archive Oct/Noc 2010, part 1-7):
West Bank and Gaza were pure Palestinian areas before 1967 under Jordanian and Egyptian governance. The population living in villages, cities and refugee camps earned more or less sufficiently their living with farming. The West Bank was serving Jordan with vegetables, fruits and crops; the ‘Jerusalem stone’ a favourite building material was exported to the Arab neighboured countries. ...
When Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza, life, especially mobility deteriorated again and Palestinians faced immediately what happened to many of them in 47- 49 during the first ethnic cleansing: expulsion, census, expropriation, restrictions of life in many directions. Same regulations and laws as before were used to expropriate land and extend Jewish colonies (see III.1) …
As shown, the transformation of Palestinian land into Israeli and Jewish did not come to an end after Madrid and Oslo. In addition, the construction of the separation wall can be understood as part of a refining plan within the same goals. The next paragraph will go deeper into facts on the ground.
IV
Jad Isaac
2. After Oslo: The Judaizing of the West Bank - Preparing the
Geographic Holocaust on the Palestinian Land Since 1993
1993 was a turning point in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. An interim peace agreement ‘Oslo Accord’ was signed by both parties to initiate political solution for the conflict. But the crucial issues such as Jerusalem, borders, water, refugees and Israeli settlements were left to be determined in the final status talks to be held in 1996. It was agreed that "Neither side shall take any step that will change the status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip…" (Article XXXI, Oslo II, 1995.)
According to the ‘Oslo II’ agreement of September 1995, the West Bank was classified into Areas A, B, and C, with varying levels of control. The Israeli military withdrew from area A, and complete control was assumed by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). This marked the first time that a Palestinian Government retained sovereignty over any Palestinian land. In area B, the Palestinians were supposed to have full control over civil matters but Israel continues to have overriding responsibility for security, which consequently excluded factual Palestinian sovereignty.
In area C, Israel retains full control over land, security, and natural resources. According to the agreement, the Palestinians should have regained control over 95 % of the West Bank and Gaza by July 1998. However, on the ground, this did not happen, not even 20% of West Bank and Gaza area came under Palestinian control and East Jerusalem is still excluded.
By March 2000, area A comprised only 18% of the West Bank total area (1,004 km²) and a further 254.2 km² of the Gaza Strip, (which was occupied by Israeli Settlements but was later evacuated in August 2005), while area B comprised 18.3% of the total West Bank Area (1,035 km²), while the remaining area falls under the full Israeli control in area C and comprises 61% of the total West Bank Area (3,452 km²). (see table 1)
Table 1 The Redeployment Percentages according to the Agreements
Palestinian share according to sovereignty in A outlines the various stages of the interim agreements and the corresponding changes.
Agreements
Oslo II (May - 1994)
A 3.0%
B 24.0%
C 73.0%
Wye I (October 1998)
A 10.1%
B 18.9%
C 71.0%
Wye II & III (not implemented)
A 18.2%
B 21.8%
C 60.0%
Sharm I (September 1999)
A 10.1%
B 25.9%
C 64.0%
Sharm II (Delay in Implementation) (January 2000)
A 12.1%
B 26.9%
C 61.0%
Sharm III (Delay in Implementation) (Situation March 2000)
A 18.2%
B 21.8%
C 60.0%
Current Situation , divided areas through more than 600 devices
No change
(Source: ARIJ GIS Database/ OCHA maps 2008)
On September 28, 2000, the second Intifada, known as Al Aqsa Intifada, erupted, following the provocative entry of Ariel Sharon into the sacred space of the Al Aqsa mosque on the Dome of the Rock. This was not only the reaction to Sharon's aggression, but to the whole failure of the peace process so far, visible in the increasing settlements, closures, and house demolitions and so on. Israel intensified its ‘internal closure’ policy (restriction of movement within the West Bank, even between nearby communities) in addition to the already present ‘external closure’ (restriction of movement from the West Bank to Jerusalem, Israel or Gaza). On April 2002 Israel again invaded the Palestinian authority areas, destroyed and besieged cities and villages and re-established an occupation situation by means of permanent control, checkpoints, closed areas … etc.
2.1 Expropriation Tools as Before
Following 1967, Israel immediately started the process of expropriation and judiasing in the West Bank; that is erasing any prospect for a future viable Palestinian state and reinforcing the Jewish presence in the Palestinian areas. It unilaterally undertook a series of geopolitical actions that undermined the Palestinian presence and imposed facts on the ground, which included the annexation of East Jerusalem, the demolition of Palestinian houses, the confiscation of Palestinian lands, the establishment of Israeli settlements, the construction of bypass roads, and final but not last the construction of the segregation wall. The following sections will investigate the impacts of the undertaken actions on the Palestinian landscape.
Land confiscation
Immediately after 1967 war, Israel commenced the policy of land confiscation. It declared vast areas of the West Bank as “State Land.” Soon after, this land was zoned as military closed areas and Nature Reserves which were later designated for the establishment of Israeli settlements. The land property and land use laws that the Israelis used in order to grab more lands are again the following, where some of them were already used in Israel as explained before:
The absentee property law: As a result 2910 km² of the West Bank’s Land was classified as abandoned property or State Land
Freezing of land registration: In 1968, Israel froze the land registration process and cancelled incomplete registrations, alienating land from the Palestinians, defending it against Palestinian use, and ensuring through such processes as registration and leasing that Palestinians are disqualified from having any future benefit from that land.
Security military orders: certain areas were declared as security zones and land was confiscated for security and military reasons. Most of the eastern slopes of the Jordan Valley were put under military zone.
Restrictions on Palestinian use: Palestinians are restricted to use areas that were declared as combat zones, Nature Reserves and buffer zones that are created around the settlements, bypass roads and military camps.
Land expropriation for public purposes: According to military Order number 321 lands can be expropriated for public purposes. However, the word public in this case meant “for Jews only.” Legal power and authority were given to the military commander to evacuate by force land owners who refuse to abide the evacuation orders. Other orders were also used in this context:
§ The Ottoman Law of 1885: if a land is not cultivated for three consecutive years, it is declared as a "State Land."
§ The British Planning Scheme RS15 and RJ 5 of before 1947 zone: nearly the entire West Bank as ‘agricultural land’ and assign the District Commission (today the Israeli Civil Administration) the right to give relaxation.
Such policy allowed Israel to control, until the negotiations, more than 60% of the occupied West Bank and Gaza territory (Benvenisti 1988) and built meanwhile 199 Israeli settlements including the settlements in Jerusalem and are accommodating nearly 530,000 Israeli settlers along with a serving 875 Km network of bypass roads. Such a devious Israeli policy has led to a further usurpation of Palestine and reshaped its geophysical structure to a situation, which no longer connects it as a single entity but isolated islands by the Israeli settlements and bypass roads.

2.2 The Ongoing Process of Judaising Palestine with Plans and Planning Tools..



Dienstag, 30. November 2010

7. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel IV.1 The 67 Occupation…




Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 7 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag



Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)

Part 7
IV
Further Devastation and Destruction - Judaizing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip after the Occupation 1967

Conlusion from Chapter III:
The year of 1948, the foundation of the Jewish State of Israel in new frontlines did not set an end to usurpation of the Palestinian land - it was but a starting point for more and more expropriation and expulsion. After all - with British and finally international support - the Zionist leaders succeeded in having a state in Palestine and even a larger area than the UN had proposed to them.
The state was founded on a dangerous Jewish nationalism, a racist ideology which backed a fateful ethnic cleansing of the Non Jewish Palestinians and expulsion of half of the indigenous people. However, more than 150.000 Palestinians remained in the country, at that time still forming one quarter of all inhabitants.
The usurpation of Palestine was not complete in terms of property and ownership; and finally in terms of land use it was not even Jewish: the majority of the Jewish immigrants concentrated living in the cities of the coast. Consequently, the Zionist leadership pulled out all steps useful for judaising the land: extreme expropriation by laws and regulations; systematic Jewish immigration and distribution of Jewish people; imposing all kinds of restrictions and discrimination to the Palestinians. Spatial planning played a crucial role. Beside a framework of expropriation and annexation instruments national, regional, district and local plans became essential tools for judaising and colonising the land of the Palestinians in a very short time. ...
The most important steps killing the Palestinian existence in Israel to the utmost were ... the implementation of the national plan for the distribution of Jewish immigrants, the program of 30 new cities and the immediate expropriation of the so called absentees, the Palestinian refugees. The Palestinian land property shrank from 93-94 percent in 1948 to less than 3 percent of the total to date....Hence Palestinians ... have become a marginal minority in terms of political power, economic importance and social influence. Israel is the Jewish State.
The war of 1967 and the occupation of the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip was the initial step for further colonization ....
The following section will investigate how Zionist ideology and strategic planning, was implemented within the new frontiers – also war might become a regular tool within further colonization. (look at Archiv Nov.2010)

IV
Further Devastation and Destruction - Judaizing the West Bank and the Gaza Strip after the Occupation 1967
At the end of the sixties, Israel had finished main issues of colonisation within the 48 borders: the Palestinians were a minority under control and more than 90% of their land was judaised. However, ‘Israel in Palestine’ was not complete and the Jewish State an amputee in sense of before 48 Mandate borders and the ‘promised’ land by the British. Furthermore, the important water resources, the northern and the southern aquifer were still under Palestinian control.
It was shown in the previous sectors that the military conquest of the West Bank and the Gaza Region was the logic consequence of Zionist policy from its very beginning. Most important aim of the 67 war was to reach control over the Jordan valley, the water resources (see section IV5) and finally East Jerusalem with the Old City including the ‘Wailing Wall’. The occupation made the Zionist vision of a complete Jewish country in Mandate borders possible. Only 'obstacle' was the Palestinian people on that land.
Planning tools were already approved: ‘waving a net of colonies, acquiring wide stretches of land, stretching strong ropes between the pegs’ and so on was the already used colonial ‘planning kit’. The same expropriation practice and land robbing like in Israel after 1948 was carried out. The destruction and colonisation process started again with a census. The Zionist movement, in form of the World Zionist Organisation (WZO) became again the driving force behind the usurpation process. How this happened is the matter of the following section.
Waltz will begin with an overview and summary of the main usurpation steps and special planning tactics, Jordan planning law had to be added. Isaac will follow up with details after Oslo and investigate the effects of the segregation wall. Gaza, what has been left by Israel in 2005 will be reviewed (Isaac/Waltz) as an example for Israel's high ambitions on the one hand and pragmatic retreat from the battle field on the other hand if necessary. Finally two aspects will be touched: transportation (Awadallah/Atrash) and water (Isaac/Waltz).
The following section aims to give an overview. Main steps are presented; method again is the review of results and interpretation of the driving forces, hence planning methods and instruments.
Viktoria Waltz
1. General Planning Strategies and Executed Policies after Usurping
West Bank and Gaza Region - Short Overview
West Bank and Gaza were pure Palestinian areas before 1967 under Jordanian and Egyptian governance. The population living in villages, cities and refugee camps earned more or less sufficiently their living with farming. The West Bank was serving Jordan with vegetables, fruits and crops; the ‘Jerusalem stone’ a favourite building material was exported to the Arab neighboured countries.
Jordan as well as Egypt had not done much for developing infrastructure. Roads, water pipes and electricity net were in poor condition. Social services, hospitals, schools, kindergarten were developed on a small level. Who could afford used private institutions – a tradition in Palestine. Who wanted a better and safe living for the family went out of the country to work or study in neighbouring states, the US or Europe. Thousands of Palestinians earned their living in the Gulf States and elsewhere, inspiring novels and poems about being exiled (Kanafani 1984).
When Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza, life, especially mobility deteriorated again and Palestinians faced immediately what happened to many of them in 47- 49 during the first ethnic cleansing: expulsion, census, expropriation, restrictions of life in many directions. Same regulations and laws as before were used to expropriate land and extend Jewish colonies (see IV.1). A census declared people on their land as inhabitants and those, who had left their properties even only for a while were defined ‘absentees’ and their land fell for expropriation. Consequently, until the beginning of the so called peace process Israel authorities had already confiscated in the West Bank 79% of the land. From this
· 44% was taken for ‚military purposes ‘,
· 20% for ‚safety reasons’ ,
· 12% for ‚public purposes ‘ (e.g. green and recreation areas according to town planning acts), as well as
· 12% as land of the ‘absentees’.
(Coon, 1992)

In addition to the Israeli law the Jordanian Planning Law of 1966 was usurped and ‘integrated’ into Israel’s military order system and managed to serve Israeli interest of changing the map. Al Haq revealed 1986 about Israeli planning strategies in the West Bank in detail the crucial mechanism of this new strategy (Al Haq 1986). Through military order 418 e.g., the 'Order Concerning Town, Village and Building Planning’ of 1971, transferred the planning task of the Higher Planning Council under Jordanian Minister of Interior simply to the Israeli Military Administration. The person in charge was then an Israeli officer managing ‘interior affairs’. ...

Volltext online siehe:

http://www.palaestina-portal.eu/Waltz/7englgeneral67policy124-129.pdf

Freitag, 26. November 2010

The Fabrication of Israel: Jaffa-Manshiyya (المنشية) - produced by Zochrot part 1



Dieser Film ergänzt auf traurige Weise

The Fabrication of Israel

siehe den Beitrag auf den Seiten 243-256 , link siehe unten

Chapter V
Viktoria Waltz
V.4 The Usurpation of Ancient Jaffa – Judaised and Changed into‘Tel Aviv's Old City
siehe nächste Folgen, aktuell online unter:
http://www.palaestina-portal.eu/Waltz/15engV-5%20Jaffa_s243-255.pdf

The Fabrication of Israel: Jaffa-Manshiyya (المنشية) -al Ajami-produced by Zochrot part 2



Dieses Video illustriert auf dramatische Weise den Prozess der

Fabrication of Israel

siehe dazu auch Chapter V

Viktoria Waltz
4.
The Usurpation of Ancient Jaffa – Judaised and Changed into
‘Tel Aviv's Old City‘


Seiten 243-256, aktuell online auf
http://www.palaestina-portal.eu/Waltz/15engV-5%20Jaffa_s243-255.pdf

Mittwoch, 24. November 2010

6. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist-Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel III.4 The "Unrecognised...".


Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 6 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)

Part 6
4. The Impact of Israeli Urban Policies on the Development of Indigenous Bedouin Community in the Negev Area – the Unrecognised Villages

Conclusion from last part:
.... With regard to housing conditions in Tayibe/Israel, analysis indicated that issues of overcrowding (houses per dunam), highly dense residence (number of people per room) and unauthorised houses phenomenon in the city are even more severe in light of the statistics. This means that there appears to be no alternative for Tayibe’s citizens to extricate themselves from severe housing and land shortage, but to build their houses either without compliance with planning regulations inside the legal (approved) residential zones or outside permitted residential zones in their own agricultural land (that is adjacent to the legal residential zones). The consequences of such understandable and known behaviour (by residents) are too great and the uncertainties too high for such actions. Demolition is the most feasible action perpetuated by planning authorities. Demolition of unauthorised, of 'illegal', of informal houses is clearly not the solution especially for the poor and landless. Demolition only serves to reduce the supply of housing and raise rents.
The provision of housing and dwelling units in the city lags behind demand, and housing conditions continue to worsen as a result of vigorous latent demographic revolution, formal and informal discriminative social and economic and political conditions and ethnic affiliation. These factors have created a multidimensional demand for housing. New generations will come, new children will be born and new young couples will get married. All will enter the housing market and look for a decent shelter, competing with each other in: a shrinkage land market, inhospitable and not transparent planning regulations, high prices of building materials, low and discriminative government residential aids and loans, high daily-fees of manpower, relatively low construction skills of households, diminishing traditional financial resources – especially among the weaker families. It is clear that these aspects are the key issues for housing provision in Tayibe.
The high level of housing issues and shortage can be explained by the lack of governmental attention and lack of empirical studies in dealing with housing developments in Israeli Palestinian localities. Accordingly, policies implemented in Tayibe and other Israeli Palestinian localities widened the gaps between supply and demands... Necessary are: Improving economic conditions of housing development, Provision of land and land configuration, Provision of transparent building regulations.

III
Kassem Egbaria
4. The Impact of Israeli Urban Policies on the Development of Indigenous
Bedouin Community in the Negev Area – the Unrecognised Villages

The Negev (Al-Naqab in Arabic) region constitutes about two-thirds of the land of the state of Israel (about 13,310 km2), however it hosts less than 9% of its 7.4 million populations (CBS, 2009). Prior to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, indigenous Palestinian Bedouins community constituted the vast majority of the population of the Negev numbering about 80,000-90,000 people, and spreading over nearly 10,000-12,000 km2. After the declaration of the Israeli State, only about 13,000-15,000 Bedouins were left there, and the others were expelled or left to neighbouring countries such as Jordan and Egypt. Furthermore, most (about 98%) of the land that was used and owned by the Bedouin community has been expropriated by the Israeli government and transferred to the state for the establishment of new Jewish urban and rural areas. This has been implemented through a policy of confining the Bedouin community to a tight geographical area of approximately 1,000 square kilometers, in the eastern less fertile part of the Negev-Naqab, which was called the "Sayag" area (for distribution of locations, see Map 1) in the early 1950s after ethnic cleansing in 1948 (Yiftachel 2006: 193 pp, OHCHR 2009).

The main argument of this study is that the present Israeli planning system has failed to provide a decent house that includes all basic services and provides certainty and sustainability. The main objective of this paper is to examine the phenomenon of unrecognised and 'illegal' residential areas and the factors that brought it about, and to suggest relevant recommendations and guidelines for policy makers to improve the residential environment in these areas with the principle of sustainability, equality and certainty.
The main goal of this paper is to present the consequences of the Israeli urban planning policies derived from geo-political visions and demographic obsession via examining major urban concepts in the unrecognised villages. Concepts such as land in the Negev, demographic shifts, socio-economic aspects, infrastructure network and 'illegal' settlements will be studied. The analysis of these concepts was based on analysing the Israeli national and district plans. In addition, data was collected from reports of governmental departments such as the Israeli Land Authority, the Ministry of Interior and the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The results indicated that households of 'illegal' houses in unrecognised Palestinian villages in Israel know that they are intentionally violating building laws via building houses in their agricultural lands without permits since this community lacks appropriate urban and residential frameworks to resolve their needs.
It has been found that planning policy especially in the Negev has originated from geo-political perspectives of the state, that is to judaise the space through owning and controlling the land as well as establishing new Jewish villages and cities for new Jewish immigrants who come from abroad. Undoubtedly, the phenomenon of this unrecognised indigenous Palestinian ethnic minority group in has witnessed some progress in some aspects of urban life since the establishment of the state in 1948. Nevertheless, this large segment of population is ranked in the lowest rung of the socio-economic ladder, and suffers from pervasive institutional discriminative policies and unfair distribution of the national resources. The phenomenon of unrecognised ('illegal') Bedouin villages in the Negev, which are not included in any Israeli national strategic plan is a reflection of unfair, poor and inappropriate urban planning system imposed by Israeli governments on the Palestinian areas in Israel (see III 2).
Vollartikel online unter
http://www.palaestina-portal.eu/Waltz/6englbedouinsfinal_s-108_122.pdf

Freitag, 19. November 2010

5. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist-Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel III.3 Discriminative Housing Policy



Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 5 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 – Eigenverlag


Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)
Kassem Egbaria
3. Discriminative Housing Policy in Israel's Palestinian localities:
The Example of Tayibe
from last part 4 (see blog/archiv Nov. 2010):
... The development of the physical planning of the Palestinian Arab sector is guided by the geopolitical views and ideological considerations of the planning authorities, aiming to promote Zionist ideology and enhance Jewish immigration and settlement. Fear of being surrounded by Palestinian villages and towns was the primary factor influencing the physical development of Jewish colonies; consequently, this affected all Palestinian localities.
Furthermore, control over land was also achieved by expropriating land from Palestinian residents and transferring it to the state for the establishment of new Jewish colonies, or the development of national and regional infrastructure networks. This transfer was carried out gradually and systematically from the earliest days of the state, and has resulted in decreasing the space available to Palestinian localities.
Accordingly, it is obvious that the expropriated private land owned by Palestinian residents as a matter of fact constituted the Israeli urban and rural development. On the other hand Palestinian citizens suffered from the fact that very little public land was devoted to the development of their community, whether in urban or rural areas. In addition, Israeli Palestinian citizens have very limited possibilities to own or use Israeli public land due to a series of discriminatory laws and practices. ...
It becomes clear that existing spatial planning in Israel harms the Palestinian citizens in all aspects of life. Certainly, such policies can create very strong feelings of frustration and alienation. Land and questions about control of land are the main issues of the dispute between the Palestinian citizens and the governmental institutions. Allocating space and land on an equal basis regardless of ethnic belonging might solve the problems of spatial development of Palestinian citizens. Thus, it becomes clear that the problem is not easy to be solved, since the Israeli territorial planning is an issue of ‘ethnocracy’. For this reason, a policy debate on land allocation, land ownership, municipal boundaries, land confiscation and settlement patterns is urgently needed – against and in opposition to the announced policy of ‘transfer’ (of the Palestinians) of some members of the recent Israeli government. Comprehensive institutionalised spatial planning covering all aspects of inequality in the allocation of spatial resources might be the first step to creating a more equitable situation for Palestinian and Jewish communities. Certainly, such a framework would not only improve the socio-economic situation of the Palestinian residents, but will also enhance the solidity of the state and serve as evidence of a real change to a democratic character of the State of Israel.
Kassem Egbaria
3. Discriminative Housing Policy in Israel's Palestinian localities:
The Example of Tayibe
Israel is a country of a widely diverse population from many ethnic, religious, cultural and social backgrounds. Of its 7.411 inhabitants, 5.472 million Jews (including 187.000 living in West Bank colonies, 20.000 in Golan Heights and around 177.000 in East (Palestinian) Jerusalem). According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS, 2009), 'Arabs' in Israel comprise about 20,6% of the overall population. Almost all Palestinians have been resident since before the establishment of the State of Israel. The Palestinians in Israel are mainly concentrated in three geographical regions that include; the Galilee, Triangle and Negev regions.
Israel is a welfare state that views the development of housing for its citizens as a major goal within which all social and ethnic groups should have an easy access to housing market mainly through offering subsidised mortgages and land provision and other aspects that help in the process of housing supply. It is argued that in contradiction to that, the combination of urban factors such as demographic growth, lack of development/master plans; land expropriation applied by the state; rigid building and planning regulations; lack of an appropriate housing finance system; limited land market; and discriminative government social policies contributed to the decline of housing provision (supply) in the Palestinian areas in Israel. ...

Dienstag, 9. November 2010

4. Siedlungspolitik Israel . Zionist-Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel III.2 The Israeli Planning System



Teil 4 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zu veröffentlichenden vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen geringen Zweifel mehr daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich wittwochs online)

III

Kassem Egbaria
2. Two Spatial Systems for one Land: Spatial Inequality in the Development of Palestinian Communities and the Actual Need for Equity

Conclusion from last part 3 (look at Blog Archiv Oct/Nov 2010)
At the end of the sixties, approximately 800 rural colonies and 30 New Cities had built a network of Jewish majority all over Israel as planned. The infrastructure from electricity, communication or water was established through all modes of international help, big part of it through the German compensation program (Wiedergutmachung) (Lewan 1984). Within less than 20 years Palestine in the 48 borders was turned into ‘Israeli (Jewish) Territory’. A new map was fabricated, what was former Palestinian was turned upside down into new Jewish reality.
However, the colonisation planning and policy fabricating a new, mostly Jewish space could not hinder a growing Palestinian presence. The Palestinian communities - though under military command - increased too, still forming majorities in three main areas: the Galilee, the Triangle and the Negev. Consequently, from Israeli point of view the fight for an exclusive ‘Jewish homeland’ on the land of Palestine was not yet finished. Israel had not yet achieved to be pure Jewish and had not yet achieved the 'promised land' of Lord Balfour ‘from the coast to the river’. Consequently Israel started a war to reach new borders. And also in Israel expropriation and destruction policy did not come to a halt in the Palestinian areas and continues to be so today.
However, for the Palestinians the usurpation policy had already a crucial effect in Israel: until 1967 the Palestinian space was sharply reduced to less than 10 percent of the land, the living areas were neglected in all plans. The Galilee was divided into 30 sub- zones. These were executed ‘residence’ borders. No Palestinian could leave or move to other zones without permission of the military governor. The Bedouins of the Negev were allowed to move only within the boundaries of Beersheba (Bir Saba). They had to live in reservation camps, which prevented them more and more from their main bases of life, the pasture land and livestock. Moreover, in later programs they were forced to settle in special Bedouin villages - their freedom of movement had been anyway limited to nearly zero (see next chapters).
To conclude, under Israeli Zionist rule the Palestinian land was turned into Jewish/Israeli to an utmost level. The Palestinian communities suffered from restriction of mobility, spatial, social, cultural and economic development. Military governance was not lifted before 1966, just before a new war. Discrimination and racist plans in the Israeli leadership still followed the same aims of restricting living conditions, expulsion and expropriation (Koenig’s Report 1976). These policies prevented the Palestinians in Israel until today from equity in a 'democratic system' and equal development chances as Egbaria will show as a special ethnocratic system in the following chapters.

III
Kassem Egbaria
2. Two Spatial Systems for one Land: Spatial Inequality in the Development of Palestinian Communities and the Actual Need for Equity

The national spatial planning system in Israel, which is the main vehicle of space development, allocates land areas within which local, regional and national authorities can develop socio-economic and environmental projects, as well as open spaces. The term spatial planning in the state of Israel refers to the allocation, management and use of land in planning processes. The Israeli spatial planning system, which guides the process of allocating land for urban and rural development, operates under a centralised framework (top-down approach), i.e., the higher tier, the National Commission, obligates the lower ones, the District and Local Commissions, (Sharkansky, 1997; Fenster, 1996). Without such plans, no buildings can be approved, and no state services such as water, electricity and telephone are provided.
According to Alterman (1994) and Yiftachel (1995), the Israeli spatial planning system is divided into two principal branches: developmental/initiative and procedural/regulative. The main goal of the former is to develop and promote sustainable patterns of land use, roads, open spaces and forests across the country. However, the procedural/regulative system (i.e., zoning plans of various scales) functions according to the Planning and Building Law of 1965. It mainly operates under the auspices of the Israeli Ministry of Interior to develop national, regional and local, spatial master/outline plans. This branch is characterised by a hierarchical and centralised structure, with virtually no input from the communities who need and are affected by the plans. Khamaisi (2004) argues that Jewish citizens experience both branches of spatial planning, while Palestinian residents in Israel primarily experience the procedural branch of planning. (Even though they are Palestinians for the use of official Israeli statistics we have to use the official Israeli term, Arabs. Otherwise, we will use the term Palestinians). ...

Full text, Volltext look at: http://www.palaestina-portal.eu/Waltz/4engIplanningsystem_s_64-82.pdf

Dienstag, 2. November 2010

3. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist-Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel III.1 1948-1967 General Judaising Planning Steps



Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 3 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue

Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 - Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)
Viktoria Waltz
(Editor)

Part 3

Planning in Israel – from Fostering the Jewish Character of Israel to an Ethnocratic Planning System

Conclusion from the last part (2) (look at Blog Archive Okt. 2010) :
It took the Zionist Movement 40 years and a war from the First Zionist Congress in Basle to reach the international ‘ok’ for establishing the Jewish State in big parts of Palestine. The disaster in Europe helped. Planning tools like town planning, master plans, development plans and property laws in addition to money and international policies helped the Zionists to extend the spatial vision of Herzl as far as possible until 1948. The process was planned; land purchases were done strategically and purposefully. Part of the Jewish world and the British Mandate supported it since the end of the Ottoman Empire. Sophisticated regional and local planning policy and strategic thinking made the fabrication of a Jewish state in Palestine possible. It was done first of all by grabbing Palestinian property through planning measures, but also using force. However, the fabrication of Israel was a colonial project from the beginning of the idea – and a settler state by reality, according to what Rodinson stated (Rodinson 1967).
The proclamation of the state on 15th May 1948 did not complete the original plan, it was not established on the whole Mandate area promised to them by Balfour. Only 6-7% of Jewish land ownership existed on around 70% of the Palestinian land on that day. The Jewish population settled mainly at the coast. About 150.000 Palestinians living in about 100 villages and small cities were still existent within Israel’s ‘borders’– a challenge for a state, which declared itself to be (solely) ‘Jewish’. Consequently Israel never defined its borders, the ‘provisional state’ existed in ‘armistice lines’ after agreements with Jordan and Egypt. Jerusalem, especially the Old City, was under Jordan governance. Stabilisation of Israel’s Jewish society in the achieved borders was the issue of the next period before looking to new horizons.

III Planning in Israel – from Fostering the Jewish Character of Israel to an Ethnocratic Planning System

With regard to territorial shifts, Israel was established on about 20,000 km2 –i.e., more than 70% - of the Mandatory Palestine, while the remaining West Bank including East, Arab Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip had been governed by two neighbouring Arab states Jordan and Egypt.
When the 1947-1949 war ended 156,000 Palestinians, about 18% of the total population lived still as citizens in Israel. According to Israel's Declaration of Independence (which is not a constitution) ((Isr.) Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2009, Moyal 1998), all social groups in Israel were guaranteed social and political equality. By contrast Palestinian Arabs democratic rights in the Jewish state have remained precarious. (Coon 1992) The judaisation of the country through planning, land regulations and laws marginalised them in many terms.

The Palestinian citizens of Israel can be viewed as a national (Palestinian), ethnic (Arab), and linguistic (Arabic) community. According to official Israeli statistics in 2009, they number about 1.7 million, comprising 20.6% of the total population of Israel that is about 7.4 million. According to a research published by Soffer (2001), the Arab population of Israel could reach 23% in 2020, and 31% in 2050. The common terms used by Israelis to describe the Palestinian minority are “Israeli Arabs,” “the Arab Sector,” “Arab citizens of Israel,” or “Arabs or Palestinians inside the green line.”
The Palestinian community in Israel identifies itself as an integral part of the state of Israel and they have full Israeli citizenship. Nonetheless, they are not accorded the same rights as Jewish citizens of the state. “Institutionalised inequality, discriminatory policies, and informal prejudice all combine to prevent Palestinian citizens in Israel from attaining [spatial], social and economic equality” (Ittijah, 1998). A report published by the International Crisis Group (2004) indicates that Palestinian citizens are largely cut off from the geographical, cultural, economic and political mainstream of the state.
Successive Israeli governments have regarded the Palestinian community as a hostile and alienated element in a foreign country, especially after the entry of most right wing Knesset members like Avigor Lieberman in the election of 2009. Furthermore, 'Arab' citizens are often perceived as a security and demographic threat to the state of Israel. Accordingly, they feel themselves neglected and discriminated by the state, particularly on issues of land ownership, education, housing, employment, social services, resource allocation and political representation. For instance, is fact that between 1975 and 2000, public housing units built for the Palestinian Arab population were only 0.3% of the total public housing in the state. With regard to socio-economic aspects, 'Arabs in Israel' have the lowest socio-economic status of all groups in the state. Sikkuy, the ‘Association for the Advancement of Civic Equality’ in Israel, in its annual report on equality between Jewish and Arab citizens in 2008 reported that the Arab population receives only 49 percent of the benefits they are entitled to. The state of Israel invests NIS 508 in every Jewish citizen on average, while only NIS 348 is invested in Arab citizens. Nearly 65.7 percent of Arab children are living below the poverty line however 31.4 percent of Jewish children (Sikkuy 2008). In 2008 around 20 percent of all Israelis were suffering from poverty and about 35% of them were Arabs. Moreover, 60 percent of all 'Arab' families lived below the poverty line. (CBS 2009)
The geographic and demographic reverse in Israel - from a 6-7% control over Palestinian land to an usurpation of more than 90% and transfer into Jewish national property on the one hand and the establishing of a Jewish majority in most of the Israeli regions and the systematic usurpation planning behind it is the issue of this section.
The first chapter of this section (Waltz) aims to understand the continuity of this process from prior 1947 until 1967. Hence this article will light up the rapid change of the geo map from some Jewish spots in a historically and well composed Palestinian habitat to a judaised country with 'western' style environment, emptied as much from Palestinian footprint. The next chapters (Egbaria) aim to illustrate the actual and after 1967 spatial expropriation and discrimination of the Palestinians within Israel: the first will go into principles of Israeli planning; in fact there are two spatial systems in one land; the second shows in detail how ethnic discriminating system affects the housing conditions of Palestinians in Israel on the example of Tayibe city and the third tackles the situation of the Bedouins in Israel, as one example of 'unrecognised' people in 'unrecognised' localities, again Palestinian localities.
Egbaria regards the problem of discrimination and alienation against the Palestinian citizens in Israel as deep and not easily to be resolved because it goes to the heart of Israel's self-definition as both a Jewish and a democratic state. Palestinians enjoy greater political rights in Israel than in other states in the region but they suffer from an unequal allocation of three basic components of a democratic society: resources, rights and representation. It is argued that the relationship of the urban needs of the 'Arab' citizens and the state is mainly a result of constant political pressure. Therefore, in order to face the challenge of systemic inequities that are facing Palestinian or 'Arab' Israelis, there should be an inclusive and comprehensive framework to define the needs of this segment of population, otherwise prospects for internal conflicts and instability and beyond of all underdevelopment will remain high – and this is fact until today, Egbaria argues.

References
Coon, Anthonoy (1992) Town Planning under Occupation: An examination of the Law and Practice of Town Planning in the Occupied West Bank, Al-Haq, Ramallah
Central Bureau of Statistics (2008) Statistical Abstracts of Israel No. 59, Jerusalem
International Crisis Group ICG (2004) Identity Crisis: Israel and its Arab Citizens,
(Israel) Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2009 in: wewewe.mfa.gov.il 2. December 2009 Middle East Report No. 25. Amman/Brussels
Ittiyah (1998) The unique Status and development needs of the Arab community in Israel, Union of Arab Community Based Organizations, Haifa, Israel
Moyal, Yoram (1998) Israel: Verfassungsverständnis und Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich, Seminarbericht, Universität Trier, WS 1996/97
Sikkuy The Association for the Advancement of Civic Equality (2008) The Equality Index of Jewish and Arab Citizens in Israel, Jerusalem
Soffer, Arnon (2001) Israel, Demography 2000-2020, Haifa, Israel

Viktoria Waltz
III 1. The Usurpation of Palestinian Land in Israel – steps until 1967

At first after 15th May 1948 Zionist planners wanted to change the unbalanced settlement of Jews in some mainly urban spots into a fully covering Jewish presence, where Jewish structures and Jewish population dominate. This would foster more occupation of Palestinian land, radical expropriation and a strategic immigration policy. Despite the refugee disaster at the end of the British Mandate in some areas Palestinians still formed majorities - while the Jewish population, nearly 80% of them, lived compact in the coastal towns. These facts show clearly that the Zionist plan was not yet completed and Israel in Mandate size not achieved as proclaimed. In addition, the country was even not yet 'Jewish' (see map 1). ....

Volltext online unter
http://www.arendt-art.de/deutsch/palestina/Waltz/3engIgeneralIsrael48_67_s_49-63.pdf

Dienstag, 26. Oktober 2010

2. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel II.1 Zionist Planning Concepts 1897-1948





Neue Veröffentlichung! Teil 2 online verfügbar (siehe unten)

THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL

About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning

A Unique Planning Issue


Viktoria Waltz - Herausgeberin - Dortmund 2010 - Eigenverlag

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen. (wöchentlich mittwochs online)

Part II

The Zionist Plan from Basle 1897 until 1948
From last part (look at Blog/Archive Okt. 2010):
Palestine was and is a country rich in history and nature; a bridge between the Middle East and Europe and part of the Mediterranean region; it saw many invaders, occupiers and rulers, but to this day it has kept its rural character, its beautiful and varied landscapes, and a socio-cultural community, influenced mainly by the Islamic period from the time of the Mamluks. The Bedouins of Palestine trace their roots back more than 3,000 years, before the time of Moses. Many monuments exist as testimonies of history from different empires, from all periods where mankind represented civilisation through architecture and cultivation of the land. Palestine is a unique place on earth, with the lowest point on the surface of the earth, the smallest desert, and a large variety of nature from seaside, hills and valleys. In addition, three important religions exist in this land. Becoming a state or nation after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, having lived without national borders for nearly 700 years and being an open space from Baghdad to Sofia, Palestine had no chance. Again foreign powers, those imperial forces who decided about a new world order after the first and second world wars, hindered such a process for other interests, eventually leading to the creation of a European outpost in the Middle East: Israel.
And the State of Israel played its role well in destroying the unit of a promised Palestinian state by means of planning, including military aggression. Thus it destroyed and is still destroying the unique character of this historic region, the once existing socio-cultural cohesion, the landscape, even nature.
The Palestinian Palestine today is reduced to some islands in a sea of an Israeli majority, without any noticeable sovereignty or space for possible political or economic action. The political leadership, despite an elected government, is entirely dependent on international funding and Israeli/American acceptance. How this could happen is the content of this publication.

Dienstag, 19. Oktober 2010

1. Siedlungspolitik Israel - Zionist/Israeli Planning: The Fabrication of Israel - Introduction,Structure, Statistics

Viktoria Waltz/Jad Isaac
THE FABRICATION OF ISRAEL


About the Usurpation and Destruction of Palestine through Zionist Spatial Planning
A Unique Planning Issue

Dortmund 2010 - Eigenverlag

Copy Right: Dr. Viktoria Waltz
Kopien und Weitergabe nur unter Nennung der Autoren und Herausgeber!

Die hier in loser Folge zur Veröffentlichung vorliegenden Texte geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die Vorgänge, die zum Konstrukt Israel geführt haben und lassen keinen Zweifel daran, dass es unter den bestehenden zionistischen Rahmenbedingungen um nichts geringeres als das Ganze geht, um ein jüdisches Israel ohne Palästinenser und mit keinem Impuls für zwei Staaten, die nebeneinander leben könnten und auch nicht um eine Integration Israels in den Nahen Osten, sondern um die Fortsetzung des aggressiven, zerstörerischen Kurses bis hin zu weiteren Kriegen.

Zur Ausgabe der englischen Fassung
Der vorliegende Sammelband ist das Ergebnis gemeinsamer Debatten und Forschungen über die Kolonisierungserfahrungen meiner Palästinensischen Planer Kollegen in der West Bank. Auch wenn alles bekannt zu sein scheint, auch wenn alles gesagt zu sein scheint haben wir uns entschlossen noch einmal den ganzen Zusammenhang der Usurpation Palästinas durch die Zionistische Bewegung seit Ihrem ersten Kongress in Basel 1897 zusammenzufassen und den Roten Faden der Zerstörung und Enteignung von damals bis heute, von der Mittelmeerküste bis zum Jordan, vom Litani bis zum Roten Meer für die Öffentlichkeit zu entwirren. Die verschiedenen Autoren zeigen die erschreckenden Ergebnisse physischer Gewalt, die sich hinter staatlichen Schreibtischen nur zu verbergen scheint, wo Illegales mit Illegalem verschmilzt und den Schein rechtmäßigen Handelns nur vortäuscht.

Der Band setzt sich in seinem Schwerpunkt mit der räumlichen Planung auseinander, mit ihren historischen und willkürlich neu geschaffenen Rahmenbedingungen, sowie den genannten und verborgenen Zielen und Absichten. Es geht um nationale Planung, regionale Entwicklungsstrategien und Programme, einzelne Projekte, um Wohnungspolitik und Verkehrsentwicklung und natürlich auch um die Verplanung der natürlichen und vor allem der Wasserressourcen – um Planungen seit 1897, nach 1948 und nach 1967 bis heute, in Israel, Gaza, der West Bank und auch um die aktuelle Planung in Städten wie Hebron, Jerusalem und Jaffa.
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die heutigen sozio-politischen Verhältnisse wird die Planung der Eroberung Palästinas unter den Mandatsbedingungen vorgestellt bis zur gewaltsamen Etablierung des Staates Israel unter Missachtung der internationalen Beschlüsse und jeglicher Menschenrechte gegenüber der authochthonen palästinensischen Bevölkerungsmehrheit in dem Lande.

In einem zweiten Komplex geht es um die Planung in Israel selbst, um Ziele und Strategien und um die gewaltsamen Schaffung von geplanten Strukturen, die einerseits und bis heute der Vertreibung und Entrechtung der Palästinenser im Staat Israel dienen und andererseits die Umkehrung der Bevölkerungs- und der Eigentumsverhältnisse schufen und die räumliche Usurpation und Israelisierung oder genauer Judaisierung aller Verhältnisse zur Konsequenz hatten; denn der neu konstruierte Staat verstand und versteht sich als jüdischer Staat, als Staat aller Juden und nicht als Staat und Nation Israel. Im Detail wird dies am Beispiel der staatlichen israelischen Wohnungspolitik und der Schaffung von sogenannten „Abwesenden-Anwesenden“ oder der nicht anerkannten Orte erläutert, die vor allem die Konzentration der mehr als 100.000 Beduinen in nur für sie bestimmten Neu-Siedlungen betrifft.

Der dritte Komplex setzt sich mit den vielen Facetten räumlicher Planung, den Zielen, Strategien und Instrumenten zur Usurpation der 1967 besetzten palästinensischen Gebiete auseinander, mit dem Bau von Kolonien, unpassenderweise allgemein „Siedlungsbau“ genannt, den Verkehrsplanungen, den Wasser-ver-planungen und aktuell mit den Folgen des Mauerbaus, der 2003, immer unter den Bedingungen des sogenannten Friedensprozesses, begann und noch nicht beendet ist.

Ein vierter Komplex widmet sich drei großen Städten: Jaffa in Israel, der ‚Perle‘ unter den palästinensischen Küstenstädten, die schon unter dem Mandat und seit der Gründung Tel Aviv‘s den zionistischen Übernahmegelüsten ausgesetzt war und 1948 der ethnischen Säuberung unter Ben Gurion zum Opfer fiel - wobei das Schicksal Jaffa auch für Akka, Haifa und andere mehrheitlich palästinensische Orte in Israel genommen werden kann; Hebron im Süden der West Bank, Stadt Abrahams, in deren Zentrum die aggressivsten israelischen, jüdischen Siedler unter dem Schutz der israelischen Armee ihr Unwesen treiben, geschützt durch Kiryat Arba, eine der größten Kolonien, die ganz anders als die palästinensischen Städte mit viel Geld und expansionsfördernden Masterplänen ausgestattet ist; schließlich Jerusalem, das zur Zeit quasi ‚sturmreif‘ geschossen wird unter Vorgabe von ‚Denkmalschutz‘ und ‚Erneuerungsprogammen‘ und gleichzeitig fundamentalistischen Siedlergruppen zur Zerstörung der palästinensischen Geschichte und Identität preisgegeben wird. Jerusalem – die Hauptstadt – bereits umgeben von einem Ring von großen und einer Kette von kleinen Kolonien, das nun an der Reihe ist, um durch ein raffiniertes Zusammenspiel von staatlicher und städtischer Planung und von organisiertem Terror von Siedlergruppen israelisiert, judaisiert zu werden.

Ein letzter Komplex widmet sich den diversen internationalen Einmischungen in die räumliche Planung und Entwicklung, sei es verbrämt als Friedensvorschlag wie z.B. von der Gruppe RAND, sei es konkret mit Hilfe der Nachbarn Jordaniens oder Ägyptens unter Missbrauch von Planung zur Veränderung des Raumes und damit der Untergrabung der territorialen Integrität eines palästinensischen Staates.

Der Band umfasst 263 Seiten. Fast 100 Karten sowie Tabellen, Grafiken und Fotos illustrieren die dargelegten Tatbestände. Einige zentrale Dokumente wurden im Anhang hinzugefügt.
Eine deutsche Kurzfassung ist in Vorbereitung.


Teil 1: Abstract, Inhalt, Einführung und Kapitel I unter:

Dienstag, 6. Juli 2010

USA Steuerpolitik für "Gottes Versprechen"

Steuerbefreiung unterstützt die Siedlungen in der West Bank!
"Die Menschen sind von unserer Arbeit begeistert, die an den Wahrheitsgehalt der Bibel glauben und die dabei sein möchten, wenn Gottes Versprechen wahr werden... Wir glauben, dass die Wiedererrichtung Israels, Samaria und Judea eingeschlossen, Teil dieses Versprechens ist" (Tommy Waller , Vorsitzender der Gruppe Ha Yovel) Foto: Die Lavi Familie in 'Har Bracha', West Bank vor 'ihrem' Weingarten) aus: NY Times, 5.7.2010: "Tax-Exempt Funds Aid Settlements in West Bank" By Jim Rutenberg, Mike McIntire and Ethan Bronner, Published: July 5, 2010,

"Zweimal pro Jahr fallen Amerikanische Evangelikale (evangelicals) in die Weingärten der Jüdischen Siedlung 'Har Bracha' in den Hügeln des 'alten Samarias' ein, pflücken Weintrauben und beschneiden die Weinstöcke, um direkt an der
'Biblischen Prophezeiung' teil zu nehmen. Sie glauben, dass ihre Hilfe als Christen bei den dortigen Jüdischen Weinproduzenten in den Besetzten Gebieten die geweissagte 'zweite Wiederkehr Christus' näherbringen könne; sie werden von einer Gruppe namens Ha Yovel rekrutiert, die 'Freiwillige' einlädt, "Seite an Seite mit dem Volk Israels zu arbeiten" und "mit ihm die Erwartung des kommenden Messias in Yeshuah zu teilen".... "Diese Leute sind von der Idee erfüllt, dass dies das versprochene Land sei und sie den Juden helfen müssten", sagt Izad Said Qadoos vom benachbarten palästinensischen Dorf. ...

Ha Yovel ist eine der vielen Gruppen in den USA, die Steuerfreie Spenden dafür verwenden, den Juden dauerhaftes Bleiben in den von Israel Besetzten Gebieten zu ermöglichen - und damit effektiv die Bildung eines Palästinensischen Staates zerstören, etwas, dass gemeinhin als eine notwendige Bedingung für Frieden in Nah Ost angesehen wird....

Eine Studie der NY Times über Öffentliche Ausgaben in den USA und Israel fand heraus, dass wenigstens 40 Amerikanische Gruppen in den letzten zehn Jahren über 200 Mill. Dollar als Steuerfreie Geschenke für Jüdische Siedlungen in der West Bank und Ost Jerusalem zusammen gebracht haben....Die Geldgeber für die Unterstützung der Siedlungen sind ein breiter Mix - von wirklich reichen Leuten wie der Krankenhaus-Magnat Dr. Irving I. Moskowitz oder die Familie, der Haagen-Dazs Eiscreme gehört, bis zu Mitbietern bei den Kosher Pizza Auktionen in Brooklyn, oder Evangelikalen bei einem jüngsten Bibel Treffen auf Long Island. Aber allesamt sind sie sich in dem Glauben einig, dass die 'Rückgabe' der West Bank - das 'alte Jüdische Königreich' - in vollständige jüdische Kontrolle wichtig sei für Israels Sicherheit und für die Erfüllung der Prophezeiung." (eigene Übersetzung)

Dazu ein paar weitere Zahlen und Informationen aus dem Artikel: Der 'Central Fund of Israel', der den 'Marcus Brothers Textiles' gehört z.B. sammelte 2008 13 Millionen US Dollar für sog. Wohlfahrtsprojekte. Hadassah Marcus, der President, drückt den Sinn der durch die US Steuerpolitik subventionierten Hilfe für Israel so aus: "Wir sammeln nicht einfach, Wir sind dabei, ein Land aufzubauen, alles was wir machen dient dazu, dass wir zurück, nach Hause gehen".
Für dieses Ziel sind hunderte Gruppen aktiv, christliche und jüdische, konservative und demokratische Politiker ebenso; sie nutzen das Steuersystem und betreiben so das Geschäft der Vertreibung der Palästinenser und der Zerstörung ihrer Wohnhäuser, ihrer Landwirtschaft und ihrer historischen Stätten - aktuell vor allem in Jerusalem. Private Finanzierung geht in die sogenannten 'archäologischen Projekte', die mit den bekannt gewordenen Hauszerstörungen beginnen. Man kooperiert mit den höchst aggressiven Gruppen wie z.B. Ateret Cohanim - im Mai zahlten zumeist jüdische Fachleute für die Teilnahme an einem Bankett der 'Amerikanischen Freunde Ateret Cohanims', allein 300 Dollar Eintritt, um Reverend John. R. Bolton, UN Botschafter unter H´George W Bush, zu hören, der vor dem Atomprogramm Irans warnte - eine traute Gemeinde von 'Islamphobisten' und 'Iranhassern'. Diese Amerikanischen Freunde finanzieren 60% der Spenden an Ateret Cohanim - mit Steuerfreien Geldern.
Mit diesem Geld hat Ataret Cohanim Häuser in der Altstadt Jerusalems 'gekauft' . Auch die als Terrororganisationen eingestufen Gruppen Kach und Kahane Chai - bekannt vor allem durch ihre aggressiven Bedrohungen der Palästinenser in Hebron - sind Nutznießer des US Steuersystems, wie auch Shuva Israel, eine Gruppe die seit 2004 2,6 Millionen Dollar für die sog, 'Shomron Gemeinden' gesammelt hat.
Die meisten Spenden werden mit 'Wohltätigkeits- oder Sozialprojekten' begründet, aber teilweise für noch viel verheerendere Aktionen verwendet. Z.B. die Gruppe 'Capitel Athletic Foundation' erhielt Steuerbefreiung für sog. 'Ausbildungs- und Sportprojekte'. Tatsächlich floss das Geld in paramilitärische Operationen der 'Beitar Illit Siedlung' und zum Kauf von Jeeps und Waffen für Scharfschützen.
Christliche Gruppierungen unter den Spendern operieren teilweise völlig undurchsichtig - sie müssen ihre Finanzangelegenheiten nicht öffentlich machen. Mr. Hagee, Christlicher Zionist, der Propaganda für die biblische Prophezeiung betreibt, verausgabte im letzten Jahr 58 Millionen Dollar für seine 'Philantropie' und rühmt sich für weitere Spenden, z.B. vor ein paar Jahren gab er 250.000 für ein Erweiterungsprojekt der o.g. 'Jeshuva Har Bracha' und förderte einen Sportkomplex in der Großsiedlung Ariel.
Das Freiwilligenprogramm von Ha Hovel ist Teil der Arbeit, Amerikanische Christen für Israel einzuspannen. Mr. Waller brachte im letzten Jahr 130 Personen in die Weinfelder von Har Bracha, und in diesem Jahr sollen es 400 werden.
Weitere Informationen im Originaltext:
"Tax-Exempt Funds Aid Settlements in West Bank" By Jim Rutenberg, Mike McIntire and Ethan Bronner, Published: July 5, 2010, in: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/world/middleeast/06settle.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1